


Network Working Group                                       P. Faltstrom
Internet-Draft                                                    Netnod
Updates: 3404, 3959 (if approved)                             O. Kolkman
Intended status: Standards Track                              NLnet Labs
Expires: January 04, 2014                                   July 5, 2013

       The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) DNS Resource Record
                         draft-faltstrom-uri-08

Abstract

   This document defines a new DNS resource record, called the Uniform
   Resource Identifier (URI) RR, for publishing mappings from hostnames
   to URIs.

   This document updates RFC 3958 and RFC 3404.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 04, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text








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   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
   2.  Applicability Statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  DNS considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   4.  The format of the URI RR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     4.1.  Ownername, class and type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     4.2.  Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     4.3.  Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.4.  Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.5.  URI RDATA Wire Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   5.  Definition of the flag 'D' for NAPTR records . . . . . . . . .  5
   6.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     6.1.  Homepage at one domain, but two domains in use . . . . . .  6
   7.  Relation to S-NAPTR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   8.  Relation to U-NAPTR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   9.  Relation to SRV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     10.1.  Registration of the URI Resource Record Type  . . . . . .  7
     10.2.  Registration of services  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     13.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     13.2.  Non-normative references  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   Appendix A. The original RRTYPE Allocation Request . . . . . . . .  9
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.  Introduction

   This document explains the use of the Domain Name System (DNS) for
   the storage of URIs, and how to resolve hostnames to such URIs that
   can be used by various applications.  For resolution the application
   need to know both the hostname and the protocol that the URI is to be
   used for.  The protocol is registered by IANA.

   Currently, looking up URIs given a hostname uses the DDDS [RFC3401]
   application framework with the DNS as a database as specified in RFC
   3404 [RFC3404].  This has a number of implications such as the
   inability to select what NAPTR records that match the query are
   interesting.  The RRSet returned will always consist of all URIs
   "connected" with the domain in question.

   The URI resource record specified in this document enables the
   querying party to select which ones of the NAPTR records one is
   interested in.  This because data in the service field of the NAPTR
   record is included in the owner part of the URI resource record type.





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   Querying for URI resource records is not replacing querying for NAPTR
   resource records (or use of S-NAPTR [RFC3958]). Instead, the URI
   resource record type provides a complementary mechanism to use when
   one already knows what service field is interesting.  With it, one
   can directly query for the specific subset of the otherwise possibly
   large RRSet given back when querying for NAPTR resource records.

   This document updates RFC 3958 and RFC 3404 by adding the flag "D" to
   the list of defined terminal flags in section 2.2.3 of RFC 3958 and
   4.3 of RFC 3404.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119
   [RFC2119].

2.  Applicability Statement

   In general, it is expected that URI records will be used by clients
   for applications where the relevant protocol to be used is known,
   but, for example, an extra abstraction is needed in order to separate
   a domain name from a point of service (as addressed by the URI).  One
   example of such a situation is when an organisation has many domain
   names, but only one official web page.

   Applications MUST know the specific service fields to prepend the
   hostname with.  Using repetitive queries for URI records MUST NOT be
   a replacement for querying for NAPTR records according to the NAPTR
   (DDDS) or S-NAPTR algorithms.  NAPTR records serve the purpose to
   discover the various services and URIs for looking up access points
   for a given service.  Those are two very different kinds of needs.

3.  DNS considerations

   Using prefix labels, such as underscored service tags, prevents the
   use of wildcards, as constructs as _s2._s1.*.example.net.  are not
   possible in the DNS, see RFC 4592 [RFC4592].  Besides, underscored
   service tags used for the URI RR (based on the NAPTR service
   descriptions) may have slightly different semantics than service tags
   used for underscored prefix labels that are used in combination with
   other (yet unspecified) RR types.  This may cause subtle management
   problems when delegation structure that has developed within the
   context of URI RRs is also to be used for other RR types.  Since the
   service labels might be overloaded, applications should carefully
   check that the application level protocol is indeed the protocol they
   expect.

   Subtle management issues may also arise when the delegations from
   service to sub service label involves several parties and different
   stake holders.

4.  The format of the URI RR


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   This is the presentation format of the URI RR:

   
       Ownername TTL Class URI Priority Weight Target
   

   The URI RR does not cause any kind of Additional Section processing.

4.1.  Ownername, class and type

   The URI ownername is subject to special conventions.

   Just like the SRV RR [RFC2782] the URI RR has service information
   encoded in its ownername.  In order to encode the service for a
   specific owner name one uses service parameters.  Valid service
   parameters used are those used for SRV resource records, or
   registered by IANA for Enumservice Registrations.  The Enumservice
   Registration parameters are reversed (subtype(s) before type),
   prepended with an underscore (_) and prepended to the owner name in
   separate labels.  The underscore is prepended to the service
   parameters to avoid collisions with DNS labels that occur in nature,
   and the order is reversed to make it possible to do delegations, if
   needed, to different zones (and therefore providers of DNS).

   It should be noted that the usage of a prefix must be described in
   detail in for example the Enumservice Registration documentation, or
   in a specific document that clarifies potential overload of
   parameters in the same URI. Specifically, registered URI schemes are
   not automatically acceptable as a service.  With the HTTP scheme, one
   can for example have multiple methods (GET, PUT, etc), and this with
   the same URI.

   For example, suppose we are looking for the URI for a service with
   Service Parameter "A:B:C" for host example.com.. Then we would query
   for (QNAME,QTYPE)=("_C._B._A.example.com","URI")

   The type number for the URI record is 256.

   The URI resource record is class independent.

   The URI RR has no special TTL requirements.

4.2.  Priority

   The priority of the target URI in this RR.  Its range is 0-65535.  A
   client MUST attempt to contact the URI with the lowest-numbered
   priority it can reach; URIs with the same priority SHOULD be tried in







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   the order defined by the weight field.

4.3.  Weight

   A server selection mechanism.  The weight field specifies a relative
   weight for entries with the same priority.  Larger weights SHOULD be
   given a proportionately higher probability of being selected.  The
   range of this number is 0-65535.

4.4.  Target

   The URI of the target, enclosed in double-quote characters ('"').
   Resolution of the URI is according to the definitions for the Scheme
   of the URI.

   Since the URI will not be encoded as a <character-string> (see
   RFC1035 section 3.3 [RFC1035]) there is no 255 character size
   limitation.

4.5.  URI RDATA Wire Format

   The RDATA for a URI RR consists of a 2 octet Priority field, a two
   octet Weight field, and a variable length target field.

   Priority and Weight are unsigned integers in network byte order.

   The remaining data in the RDATA contains the Target field.  The
   Target field contains the URI as a sequence of octets (without the
   enclosing double- quote characters used in the presentation format).

   The Target field can also contain an IRI, but with the additional
   requirements that it are in UTF-8 [RFC3629], and the requirement that
   it be possible to convert to a URI according to section 3.1 of RFC
   3987 [RFC3987] and back again to an IRI according to section 3.2.
   Other character sets than UTF-8 are not allowed.  The domain name
   part of the IRI can be either an U-LABEL or A-LABEL as defined in RFC
   5890 [RFC5890].

   
                        1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |          Priority             |          Weight               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /                                                               /
   /                             Target                            /
   /                                                               /
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   

5.  Definition of the flag 'D' for NAPTR records




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   This document specifies the flag "D" for use as a flag in NAPTR
   records.  The flag indicate a terminal NAPTR record because it
   denotes the end of the DDDS/NAPTR processing rules.  In the case of a
   "D" flag, the Replacement field in the NAPTR record, prepended with
   the service flags, is used as the Owner of a DNS query for URI
   records, and normal URI processing as defined in this document is
   applied.

   The replacement field MUST NOT include any of the service parameters.
   Those are to be prepended (together with underscore) as described in
   other places in this document.

   The Regexp field in the NAPTR record MUST be empty when the 'D' flag
   is in use.

6.  Examples

6.1.  Homepage at one domain, but two domains in use

   An organisation has the domain names example.com and example.net, but
   the official URI http://www.example.com/. Given the service type
   "web" and subtype "http" (from the IANA registry), the following URI
   Resource Records could be made available in the respective zones
   (example.com and example.net):

   
   $ORIGIN example.com.
   _http._web    IN URI 10 1 "http://www.example.com/"
   
   $ORIGIN example.net.
   _http._web    IN URI 10 1 "http://www.example.com/"
   

7.  Relation to S-NAPTR

   The URI resource record type is not a replacement for the S-NAPTR.
   It is instead an extension and the seond step of the S-NAPTR
   resolution can resolve a URI resource record instead of using SRV
   records and yet another algorithm for how to use SRV records for the
   specific protocol.

   
   $ORIGIN example.com.
   ;;       order pref flags
     IN NAPTR 100   10   "s"   "EM:ProtA"               ( ; service
                               ""                         ; regexp
                               _ProtA._tcp.example.com.   ; replacement
   _ProtA._tcp IN URI "schemeA:service.example.com/example"
   

8.  Relation to U-NAPTR



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   The URI Resource Record Type, together with S-NAPTR, can be viewed as
   a replacement for U-NAPTR [RFC4848].  The URI Resource Record Type is
   though only interesting when one know a base domain name, a protocol
   and service so that one can compose the record to look up.  NAPTR
   records of any kind are used to look up what services exists for a
   certain domain, which is one step before the URI resource record is
   used.

9.  Relation to SRV

   The URI Resource Record Type can be viewed as a replacement for the
   SRV record.  This because it like the SRV record can only be looked
   up if one know the base domain, the protocol and the service.  It has
   a similar functionality, but instead of returning a hostname and port
   number, the URI record return a full URI. As such, it can be viewed
   as a more powerful resource record than SRV.

10.  IANA Considerations

10.1.  Registration of the URI Resource Record Type

   After an expert review in February 2011 (see Appendix Appendix A)
   IANA has allocated RRTYPE 256 for the URI Resource Record Type in the
   registry named Resource Record (RR) TYPEs and QTYPEs as defined in
   BCP 42 (at the time RFC 6195 [RFC6195]), located at http://
   www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters.

   IANA is requested to update the reference with that registration to
   this RFC.

10.2.  Registration of services

   No new registry is needed for the registration of services as the
   Enumservice Registrations registry is used also for the URI resource
   record type.

11.  Security Considerations

   The authors do not believe this resource record cause any new
   security problems.  Deployment must though be done in a proper way as
   misconfiguration of this resource record might make it impossible to
   reach the service that was originally intended to be accessed.

   Using the URI resource record together with security mechanisms that
   relies on verification of authentication of hostnames, like TLS,
   makes it important to choose the correct domain name when doing the
   comparison.

   The basic mechanism works as follows:

   1.   Announce the fact example.com is hosted at example.org (with
        some URL) in DNS
   2.   Secure the URI resource record with DNSSEC.

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   3.   Verify the TLS (for example) certificate for the connection to
        example.org matches, i.e.  use the hostname in the URI and not
        the hostname used originally when looking up the URI resource
        record.
   4.   If needed, do application layer authentication etc over the then
        encrypted connection.

   What also can happen is that the URI in the resource record type has
   errors in it.  Applications using the URI resource record type for
   resolution should behave similarly as if the user typed (or copy and
   pasted) the URI. At least it must be clear to the user that the error
   is not due to any error from his side.

   One SHOULD NOT include userinfo (see User Information, Section 3.2.1,
   in RFC 3986 [RFC3986]) in a URI that is used in a URI resource record
   as DNS data must be viewed as publicly available information.

12.  Acknowledgements

   Ideas on how to split the two different kind of queries "What
   services exists for this domain name" and "What is the URI for this
   service" came from Scott Bradner and Lawrence Conroy.  Other people
   that have contributed to this document include Richard Barnes, Leslie
   Daigle, Olafur Gudmundsson, Ted Hardie, Peter Koch, Penn Pfautz, and
   Willem Toorop.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC3958]  Daigle, L. and A. Newton, "Domain-Based Application
              Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation
              Discovery Service (DDDS)", RFC 3958, January 2005.

   [RFC3987]  Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
              Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, January 2005.

   [RFC5890]  Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
              Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
              RFC 5890, August 2010.

   [RFC6195]  Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) IANA
              Considerations", BCP 42, RFC 6195, March 2011.

13.2.  Non-normative references

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   [RFC2782]  Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P. and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
              specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
              February 2000.

   [RFC3401]  Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
              Part One: The Comprehensive DDDS", RFC 3401, October 2002.

   [RFC3403]  Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
              Part Three: The Domain Name System (DNS) Database", RFC
              3403, October 2002.

   [RFC3404]  Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
              Part Four: The Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI)", RFC
              3404, October 2002.

   [RFC3597]  Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
              (RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
              3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4592]  Lewis, E., "The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name
              System", RFC 4592, July 2006.

   [RFC4848]  Daigle, L., "Domain-Based Application Service Location
              Using URIs and the Dynamic Delegation Discovery Service
              (DDDS)", RFC 4848, April 2007.

   [RFC5507]  IAB, Faltstrom, P., Austein, R. and P. Koch, "Design
              Choices When Expanding the DNS", RFC 5507, April 2009.

Appendix A.  The original RRTYPE Allocation Request

   On February 22, 2011 IANA assigned RRTYPE 256 for the URI resource
   record based on a request that followed the procedure documented in
   RFC 6195 [RFC6195].  The DNS RRTYPE PARAMETER ALLOCATION form as
   submitted to IANA at thet time is replicated below for reference.

   A.   Submission Date:

        May 23, 2009

   B.   Submission Type:

        [X] New RRTYPE
        [ ] Modification to existing RRTYPE

   C.   Contact Information for submitter:

        Name: Patrik Faltstrom
        Email Address: paf@cisco.com
        International telephone number: +46-8-6859131

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        Other contact handles:
        (Note: This information will be publicly posted.)

   D.   Motivation for the new RRTYPE application?

        There is no easy way to get from a domain name to a URI (or
        IRI). Some mechanisms exists via use of the NAPTR [RFC3403]
        resource record.  That implies quite complicated rules that are
        simplified via the S-NAPTR [RFC3958] specification.  But, the
        ability to directly look up a URI still exists.  This
        specification uses a prefix based naming mechanism originated in
        the definition of the SRV [RFC2782] resource record, and the
        RDATA is a URI, encoded as one text field.

        See also above (Section 1).

   E.   Description of the proposed RR type.

        The format of the URI resource record is as follows:

   
        Ownername TTL Class URI Priority Weight Target
   

        The URI RR has service information encoded in its ownername.  In
        order to encode the service for a specific owner name one uses
        service parameters.  Valid service parameters used are either
        Enumservice Registrations registered by IANA, or prefixes used
        for the SRV resource record.

        The wire format of the RDATA is as follows:

   
                           1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |          Priority             |          Weight               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      /                                                               /
      /                             Target                            /
      /                                                               /
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   

   F.   What existing RRTYPE or RRTYPEs come closest to filling that
        need and why are they unsatisfactory?









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        The RRTYPE that come closest is the NAPTR resource record.  It
        is for example used in the DDDS and S-NAPTR algorithms.  The
        main problem with the NAPTR is that selection of what record (or
        records) one is interested in is based on data stored in the
        RDATA portion of the NAPTR resource record.  This, as explained
        in RFC 5507 [RFC5507], is not optimal for DNS lookups.  Further,
        most applications using NAPTR resource records uses regular
        expression based rewrite rules for creation of the URI, and that
        has shown be complicated to implement.

        The second closest RRTYPE is the SRV record that given a
        prefixed based naming just like is suggested for the URI
        resource record, one get back a port number and domain name.
        This can also be used for creation of a URI, but, only URIs
        without path components.

   G.   What mnemonic is requested for the new RRTYPE (optional)?

        URI

   H.   Does the requested RRTYPE make use of any existing IANA Registry
        or require the creation of a new IANA sub-registry in DNS
        Parameters?

        Yes, partially.

        One of the mechanisms to select a service is to use the
        Enumservice Registry managed by IANA. Another is to use services
        and protocols used for SRV records.

   I.   Does the proposal require/expect any changes in DNS servers/
        resolvers that prevent the new type from being processed as an
        unknown RRTYPE (see [RFC3597])?

        No

   J.   Comments:

        None


Authors' Addresses

   Patrik Faltstrom
   Netnod
   
   Email: paf@netnod.se


   Olaf Kolkman
   NLnet Labs
   
   Email: olaf@NLnetLabs.nl

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