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DNSOP G. Guette
Internet-Draft IRISA/INRIA Rennes
Expires: August 8, 2004 O. Courtay
ENST-Bretagne
February 8, 2004
Requirements for Automated Key Rollover in DNSsec
draft-ietf-dnsop-key-rollover-requirements-00
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 8, 2004.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes problems that appear during an automated
rollover and gives the requirements for the design of communication
between parent zone and child zone in an automated rollover process.
This document is essentially about key rollover, the rollover of
one other Resource Record present at delegation point (NS RR) is
also discussed.
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
1. Introduction
The DNS security extensions (DNSsec) [1] uses public-key cryptography
and digital signatures. It stores the public keys in KEY Resource
Records (RRs). Because old keys and frequently used keys are
vulnerable, they must be changed periodically. In DNSsec this is the
case for Zone Signing Keys (ZSKs) and Key Signing Keys (KSKs) [2, 4].
Automation of key rollover process is necessary for large zones
because inside a large zone, there are too many changes to handle for
a single administrator.
Let us consider for example a zone with one million child zones among
which only 10% of secured child zones. If the child zones change their
keys once a year on average, that implies 300 changes per day for the
parent zone. All these changes are hard to manage manually.
Automated rollover is optional and resulting from an agreement
between the administrator of the parent zone and the administrator of
the child zone. Of course, key rollover can also be done manually by
administrators.
This document describes the requirements for the design of messages
of automated key rollover process.
2. The Key Rollover Process
Key rollover consists in replacing the DNSsec keys used to sign
resource records in a given DNS zone file. There are two types of
rollover, ZSK rollover and KSK rollover.
In ZSK rollover, all changes are local to the zone that changes its
key: there is no need to contact other zones (e.g. parent zone) to
propagate the performed changes because this type of key have no
associated DS records in the parent zone.
In KSK rollover, new DS RR(s) MUST be created and stored in the
parent zone. In consequence, the child zone MUST contact its parent
zone and notify it about the KSK change(s).
Manual key rollover exists and works [3]. The key rollover is built
from two parts of different nature:
- An algorithm that generates new keys. It could be local to the
zone
- The interaction between parent and child zone
In this document we focus on the interaction between parent and
child zone servers.
One example of manual key rollover is:
Child zone creates a new KSK, waiting for the creation of the DS
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
record in its parent zone and then child zone deletes old key.
In manual rollover, communications are managed by the zone
administrators and the security of these communications is out of
scope of DNSsec.
Automated key rollover MUST use a secure communication between parent
and child zone. In this document we concentrate our efforts on
defining interactions between entities present in key rollover
process that are not explicitly defined in manual key rollover
method.
3. Basic Requirements
The main constraint to respect during a key rollover is that the
chain of trust MUST be preserved. Even if a resolver retrieve some RRs
from recursive name server. Every RR MUST be verifiable at any time,
every message exchanged during rollover MUST be authenticated and
data integrity MUST be guaranteed.
Two entities are present during a KSK rollover: the child zone and
its parent zone. These zones are generally managed by different
administrators. These administrators MUST agree on some parameters
like availability of automated rollover, the maximum delay between
notification of changes in the child zone and the resigning of the
parent zone. The child zone needs to know this delay to schedule its
changes.
During an automated rollover process, data are transmitted between
the primary name server of the parent and the the primary name server
of the child zone.
The reason is that the IP address of the primary name server is easy
to obtain.
Other solutions based on machine dedicated to the rollover are not
suitable solutions because of the difficulty to obtain the IP
addresses of the dedicated machine in an automated manner.
4. Messages authentication and information exchanged
Every exchanged message MUST be authenticated and the authentication
tool MUST be a DNSsec tool such as TSIG [5], SIG(0) [6] or DNSsec
request with verifiable SIG records.
Once the changes related to a KSK are made in a child zone, this zone
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
MUST notify its parent zone in order to create the new DS RR and
store this DS RR in parent zone file.
The parent zone MUST receive all the child Keys that needs the
creation of an associated DS RRs in the parent zone.
Some errors could occur during transmission between child zone and
parent zone. Key rollover solution MUST be fault tolerant, i.e. at
any time the rollover MUST be in a consistent state and all RRs MUST
be verifiable, even if an error occurs. That is to say that it MUST
remains a valid chain of trust.
5. Emergency Rollover
A key of a zone might be compromised and this key MUST be changed as
soon as possible. Fast changes could break the chain of trust. The
part of DNS tree having this zone as apex can become unverifiable,
but the break of the chain of trust is necessary if we want to no one
can use the compromised key to spoof DNS data.
Parent zone behavior after an emergency rollover in one of its child
zone is an open discussion.
Should we define:
- an EMERGENCY flag. When a child zone does an emergency KSK change,
it uses the EMERGENCY flag to notify its parents that the chain of
trust is broken and will stay broken until right DS creation and a
parent zone resigning.
- a maximum time delay after next parent zone resigning, we ensure
that after this delay the parent zone is resigned and the right DS
is created.
- that no pre-defined behavior for the parent zone is needed
6. Other Resource Record concerned by automatic rollover
NS records are also present at delegation point, so when the child
zone changes some NS records, the corresponding records at
delegation point in parent zone MUST be updated. NS records are
concerned by rollover and this rollover could be automated too. In
this case, when the child zone notifies its parent zone that some NS
records have been changed, the parent zone MUST verify that these NS
records are present in child zone before doing any changes in its own
zone file. This allow to avoid inconsistency between NS records at
delegation point and NS records present in the child zone.
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
7. Security consideration
This document describes requirements to design an automated key
rollover in DNSsec based on DNSsec security. In the same way the, as
plain DNSsec, the automatic key rollover contains no mechanism
protecting against denial of service (DoS) resistant. The security
level obtain after an automatic key rollover, is the security level
provided by DNSsec.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors want to acknowledge Mohsen Souissi, Bernard Cousin,
Bertrand Leonard and members of IDsA project for their contribution
to this document.
Normative references
[1] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC
2535, March 1999.
[2] Gudmundsson, O., "Delegation Signer Resource Record",
draft-ietf-dnsext-delegation-signer-15 (work in progress),
June 2003.
[3] Kolkman, O. and Gieben, R., "DNSSEC key operations",
draft-ietf-dnsext-operational-practices (work in progress),
June 2003.
[4] Kolkman, O. and Schlyter, J., "KEY RR Secure Entry Point Flag"
draft-ietf-dnsext-keyrr-key-signing-flag-10 (work in progress),
September 2003.
[5] Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake, D., and Wellington, B.,
"Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", RFC
2845, May 2000.
[6] Eastlake, D., "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures (SIG(0)s)",
RFC 2931, September 2000.
[7] Eastlake, D.,"DNS Security Operational Considerations", RFC
2541, March 1999.
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements October 2003
Author's Addresses
Gilles Guette
IRISA/INRIA Rennes
Campus Universitaire de Beaulieu
35042 Rennes France
Phone : (33) 02 99 84 71 32
Fax : (33) 02 99 84 25 29
E-mail : gguette@irisa.fr
Olivier Courtay
ENST-Bretagne
2, rue de la ch‚taigneraie
35512 Cesson C‰vign‰ CEDEX France
Phone : (33) 02 99 84 71 31
Fax : (33) 02 99 84 25 29
olivier.courtay@enst-bretagne.fr
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
Director.
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements February 2004
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Guette & Courtay Expires August 8, 2004 [Page 8]

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DNSOP G. Guette
Internet-Draft IRISA / INRIA
Expires: February 5, 2005 O. Courtay
Thomson R&D
August 7, 2004
Requirements for Automated Key Rollover in DNSSEC
draft-ietf-dnsop-key-rollover-requirements-01.txt
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable
patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
and any of which I become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with
RFC 3668.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on February 5, 2005.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes problems that appear during an automated
rollover and gives the requirements for the design of communication
between parent zone and child zone in an automated rollover process.
This document is essentially about key rollover, the rollover of
another Resource Record present at delegation point (NS RR) is also
discussed.
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. The Key Rollover Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Messages authentication and information exchanged . . . . . . 4
5. Emergency Rollover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Other Resource Record concerned by automatic rollover . . . . 5
7. Security consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 7
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
1. Introduction
The DNS security extensions (DNSSEC) [4][8][7][9] uses public-key
cryptography and digital signatures. It stores the public part of
keys in DNSKEY Resource Records (RRs). Because old keys and
frequently used keys are vulnerable, they must be renewed
periodically. In DNSSEC, this is the case for Zone Signing Keys
(ZSKs) and Key Signing Keys (KSKs) [1][2]. Automation of key
rollover process is necessary for large zones because there are too
many changes to handle a manual administration.
Let us consider for example a zone with 100000 secure delegations.
If the child zones change their keys once a year on average, that
implies 300 changes per day for the parent zone. This amount of
changes are hard to manage manually.
Automated rollover is optional and resulting from an agreement
between the administrator of the parent zone and the administrator of
the child zone. Of course, key rollover can also be done manually by
administrators.
This document describes the requirements for the design of messages
of automated key rollover process and focusses on interaction between
parent and child zone.
2. The Key Rollover Process
Key rollover consists in renewing the DNSSEC keys used to sign
resource records in a given DNS zone file. There are two types of
rollover, ZSK rollovers and KSK rollovers.
In a ZSK rollover, all changes are local to the zone that renews its
key: there is no need to contact other zones (e.g., parent zone) to
propagate the performed changes because a ZSK has no associated DS
record in the parent zone.
In a KSK rollover, new DS RR(s) must be created and stored in the
parent zone. In consequence, the child zone must contact its parent
zone and must notify it about the KSK change(s).
Manual key rollover exists and works [3]. The key rollover is built
from two parts of different nature:
o An algorithm that generates new keys and signs the zone file. It
could be local to the zone
o The interaction between parent and child zones
One example of manual key rollover is:
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
o The child zone creates a new KSK
o The child zone waits for the creation of the DS RR in its parent
zone
o The child zone deletes the old key.
In manual rollover, communications are managed by the zone
administrators and the security of these communications is out of
scope of DNSSEC.
Automated key rollover should use a secure communication between
parent and child zones. This document concentrates on defining
interactions between entities present in key rollover process.
3. Basic Requirements
The main constraint to respect during a key rollover is that the
chain of trust MUST be preserved, even if a resolver retrieves some
RRs from recursive cache server. Every RR MUST be verifiable at any
time, every RRs exchanged during the rollover should be authenticated
and their integrity should be guaranteed.
Two entities act during a KSK rollover: the child zone and its parent
zone. These zones are generally managed by different administrators.
These administrators should agree on some parameters like
availability of automated rollover, the maximum delay between
notification of changes in the child zone and the resigning of the
parent zone. The child zone needs to know this delay to schedule its
changes.
4. Messages authentication and information exchanged
Every exchanged message MUST be authenticated and the authentication
tool MUST be a DNSSEC tool such as TSIG [6], SIG(0) [5] or DNSSEC
request with verifiable SIG records.
Once the changes related to a KSK are made in a child zone, this zone
MUST notify its parent zone in order to create the new DS RR and
store this DS RR in parent zone file.
The parent zone MUST receive all the child keys that needs the
creation of associated DS RRs in the parent zone.
Some errors could occur during transmission between child zone and
parent zone. Key rollover solution MUST be fault tolerant, i.e. at
any time the rollover MUST be in a consistent state and all RRs MUST
be verifiable, even if an error occurs. That is to say that it MUST
remain a valid chain of trust.
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
5. Emergency Rollover
A key of a zone might be compromised and this key MUST be changed as
soon as possible. Fast changes could break the chain of trust. The
part of DNS tree having this zone as apex can become unverifiable,
but the break of the chain of trust is necessary if we want to no one
can use the compromised key to spoof DNS data.
In case of emergency rollover, the administrators of parent and child
zones should create new key(s) and DS RR(s) as fast as possible in
order to reduce the time the chain of trust is broken.
6. Other Resource Record concerned by automatic rollover
NS records are also present at delegation point, so when the child
zone renews some NS RR, the corresponding records at delegation point
in parent zone (glue) MUST be updated. NS records are concerned by
rollover and this rollover could be automated too. In this case,
when the child zone notifies its parent zone that some NS records
have been changed, the parent zone MUST verify that these NS records
are present in child zone before doing any changes in its own zone
file. This allows to avoid inconsistency between NS records at
delegation point and NS records present in the child zone.
7. Security consideration
This document describes requirements to design an automated key
rollover in DNSSEC based on DNSSEC security. In the same way, as
plain DNSSEC, the automatic key rollover contains no mechanism
protecting against denial of service (DoS). The security level
obtain after an automatic key rollover, is the security level
provided by DNSSEC.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors want to acknowledge Francis Dupont, Mohsen Souissi,
Bernard Cousin, Bertrand L‰onard and members of IDsA project for
their contribution to this document.
9 Normative References
[1] Gudmundsson, O., "Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Record (RR)",
RFC 3658, December 2003.
[2] Kolkman, O., Schlyter, J. and E. Lewis, "Domain Name System KEY
(DNSKEY) Resource Record (RR) Secure Entry Point (SEP) Flag",
RFC 3757, May 2004.
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
[3] Kolkman, O., "DNSSEC Operational Practices",
draft-ietf-dnsop-dnssec-operational-practice-01 (work in
progress), May 2004.
[4] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC
2535, March 1999.
[5] Eastlake, D., "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures (
SIG(0)s)", RFC 2931, September 2000.
[6] Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake, D. and B. Wellington,
"Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", RFC
2845, May 2000.
[7] Arends, R., "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-records-09 (work in progress), July
2004.
[8] Arends, R., Austein, R., Massey, D., Larson, M. and S. Rose,
"DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-intro-11 (work in progress), July 2004.
[9] Arends, R., "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-protocol-07 (work in
progress), July 2004.
Authors' Addresses
Gilles Guette
IRISA / INRIA
Campus de Beaulieu
35042 Rennes CEDEX
FR
EMail: gilles.guette@irisa.fr
URI: http://www.irisa.fr
Olivier Courtay
Thomson R&D
1, avenue Belle Fontaine
35510 Cesson S‰vign‰ CEDEX
FR
EMail: olivier.courtay@thomson.net
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Automated Rollover Requirements August 2004
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Disclaimer of Validity
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Guette & Courtay Expires February 5, 2005 [Page 7]